Jurnal Keterapian Fisik (E-ISSN : 2580-5908; ISSN : 2503-3557) is an journal which publishes scientific works for academics, and practitioners.Jurnal keterapian fisik welcomes and invites original and relevant research articles in physiotherapy, acupuncture, occupational therapy, prosthetic orthotics, speech therapy, and health education, as well as literature study and case report particularly. The journal is an open access journal and The journal is published twice a year in Mei and November. This journal has been accredited by National Journal Accreditation (ARJUNA) managed by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia with fourt Grade (Sinta 4) since 2016 to 2020 (Decree No. 21/E/KPT/2018). JKF welcomes and invites researchers from around the world to submit their papers (original research article, systematic review, and case study) for publication in this journal. All papers are published as soon as they have been accepted. Publisher of Jurnal Keterapian Fisik is Poltekkes Kemenkes Surakarta incorporate with the organization of profesions : Perhimpunan Akupuntur Terapis Indonesia (HAKTI) ACCREDITATION: RE-ACCREDITATION RESULT Start from June 2020, Based on Excerpts and Decrees of the Minister of Research and Technology / Head of the National Research and Innovation Agency, with Number: B / 1796 / E5.2 / KI.02.00/ 2020, Jurnal Keterapian Fisik has accredited SINTA 3 (3rd Grade Journal). The Accreditation is valid until 2024. EDITORIAL: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Since Vol. 6 No. 1 March 2021, Jurnal Keterapian Fisik only receives full-text manuscript in ENGLISH. Thank you.
Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Taichong (LR3) and Zusanli (ST36) on Hypertension in the Elderly
Background: Hypertension is a health problem commonly experienced by the elderly and is one of the most prevalent conditions in this age group. The effect of acupuncture in lowering blood pressure includes regulating vasoactive substances in the blood vessel endothelium. One of the active substances known to be affected by release and activation through acupuncture is Nitric Oxide (NO). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of taichong and zusanli points of acupuncture for hypertension patients. Methods: This study employed a one-group pre-test–post-test pre-experimental design involving 40 elderly participants selected through accidental sampling during an elderly exercise program. Acupuncture intervention was performed on the LR3 and ST36 points according to clinical guidelines for 10 minutes per session by certified practitioners, with close monitoring and no reported side effects. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, and post-intervention comparisons were conducted using paired samples t-test. Results: The analysis showed a reduction in mean systolic blood pressure of 10.95 mmHg after the acupuncture intervention (95% CI: 155.53 to 165.87, p-value < 0.01), indicating a statistically significant pre–post difference within the sample. In contrast, the mean diastolic blood pressure decreased by 1.15 mmHg (95% CI: 76.76 to 84.19, p-value > 0.05), suggesting no statistically significant change. Conclusion: These findings reflect an improvement in systolic, but not diastolic, blood pressure among the participating elderly individuals. Acupuncture shows potential as a supportive therapy in lowering systolic blood pressure in the elderly.
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Comparison of McKenzie and Cailliet Exercises on Neck Function in Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Background: Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) in the upper trapezius muscle causes pain and limited neck function, which can interfere with work activities. Physiotherapy efforts used to reduce pain and improve neck function include McKenzie Neck Exercise and Neck Cailliet Exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effects of McKenzie Neck Exercise and Neck Cailliet Exercise on neck functional ability in workers with MPS of the upper trapezius muscle. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pre- and post-test design. Sampling was conducted using simple random sampling of 30 employees of PT Iskandar Indah Printing Textile who met the inclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely group I, which received McKenzie Neck Exercise (n=15), and group II, which received Neck Cailliet Exercise (n=15). The intervention was given twice a week for three weeks. The research instrument used the Neck Disability Index (NDI) to measure neck functional ability. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. Results: The test results showed a significant improvement in neck functional ability in both groups (group I p=0.001; group II p=0.000). The between-group difference test showed a p-value of 0.004 (p<0.05), which means there was a significant difference between the two exercises. Conclusion: Both exercises were effective in improving neck function, but the McKenzie Neck Exercise was more effective than the Neck Cailliet Exercise. The McKenzie Neck Exercise can be recommended as a more optimal physiotherapy intervention to improve neck function in workers with upper trapezius muscle Myofascial Pain Syndrome.
Differences in the Effects of Two Combinations of Hold Relax Techniques on Gastrocnemius Muscle Pain Reduction
Background: Pain in the gastrocnemius muscle is often experienced by garment factory workers due to repetitive standing and walking activities. Combination therapy techniques are an alternative to reduce pain and improve muscle function. This study aims to determine the difference in effectiveness between hold relax exercise with auto myofascial release technique and hold relax exercise with auto stretching in reducing gastrocnemius muscle pain in garment company employees. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test control group. A sample of 40 employees with gastrocnemius muscle pain was selected using purposive sampling and divided into two intervention groups of 20 people each. The first group received hold relax exercise and auto myofascial release technique, while the second group received hold relax exercise and auto stretching. Pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Statistical testing using an independent t-test yielded a result of p=0.007 (p<0.05), which means that there was a difference between groups I and II, with a mean difference after treatment of 13.27 mm in group I and 3.53 mm in group II. Conclusion: Hold relax exercise with the Auto myofascial release technique is more effective in reducing gastrocnemius muscle pain than Hold relax exercise with Auto stretching in garment company employees.
The Difference in the Effects of Dry Needling (DN) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on Pain Reduction in Upper Trapezius Spasms
Background: Upper trapezius muscle spasm pain often occurs due to excessive forward head posture and persistent muscle tension, thereby hindering functional activities. Various physiotherapy modalities are used to reduce pain, including Dry Needling (DN) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of DN and LLLT in reducing upper trapezius muscle spasm pain. Methods: This study was an experiment with a two-group pre- and post-test design. A sample of 30 patients from the Physiotherapy Clinic at Dr. Ramelan Hospital in Surabaya was selected using simple random sampling and divided into two groups of 15 people each. Group I received DN intervention, while group II received LLLT for four weeks at a frequency of three times per week. The research instrument used the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which has a reliability of 0.97 and validity of 0.925. Data analysis was performed using the paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Results: There was a significant difference between the VAS scores before and after treatment in both groups (p=<0.001). The pain reduction score was higher in the DN group (Δ=3.5) than in the LLLT group (Δ=1.75), proving that DN is more effective in reducing upper trapezius muscle spasm pain. Conclusion: DN is more effective than LLLT in reducing upper trapezius muscle spasm pain. DN intervention can be used as the primary choice in the management of neck muscle spasm and combined with therapeutic exercises for optimal results.
Jin's Three Needle Acupuncture and Moxibustion Reduce Pain Intensity in Gastritis
Background: Gastritis is a common disease in the community caused by unhealthy lifestyles. Long-term repeated use of stomach medication has the potential to cause side effects and organ damage. Acupuncture is an effective therapy for chronic pain that has long-lasting effects without side effects. This study aims to determine the effect of Jin's Three Needle acupuncture and moxibustion therapy on pain intensity in gastritis patients. Methods: This study used a true experimental design with a two-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 30 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, divided into two groups. Group 1 received Jin's Three Needle acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, while group 2 received only Jin's Three Needle acupuncture therapy. The measurement instrument used a pain scale. Data analysis used the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by an independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: The analysis showed that the group receiving Jin's Three Needle acupuncture and moxibustion therapy experienced a more significant reduction in pain scale compared to the acupuncture-only therapy group with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: Jin's Three Needle acupuncture therapy combined with moxibustion is effective in reducing the intensity of gastritis pain. The combination of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is recommended as an alternative treatment for gastritis to increase effectiveness and reduce the side effects of gastric medication.
Acupuncture Therapy Combined with Cucumber Juice (Cucumis Sativus) Reduces Blood Pressure in Hypertension
Background: Hypertension is a condition of elevated arterial blood pressure that can cause dysfunction of vital organs such as the heart and kidneys. Complementary therapies, such as acupuncture and consumption of cucumber juice, are known to help lower blood pressure. This study aims to determine the effect of acupuncture therapy combined with cucumber juice on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Methods: This study used a true experimental design with a pretest-post test control group design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 36 hypertensive patients at the BMI Pringsewu Lampung Primary Clinic who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instruments used observation sheets and blood pressure measurements with an aneroid sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the One-Way ANOVA test. Results: The greatest average decrease in systolic blood pressure occurred in the acupuncture therapy group combined with cucumber juice, with a percentage decrease of 13.76% in systolic and 11.10% in diastolic blood pressure. The results of the analysis showed a significant effect on the reduction in systolic blood pressure (F = 6.369; p = 0.005), while the reduction in diastolic blood pressure was not significant (p = 0.205). Conclusion: Acupuncture therapy combined with cucumber juice is effective in lowering systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This combination therapy can be used as a non-pharmacological complementary alternative for controlling hypertension.
The Difference in the Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Elderly Exercise on Blood Pressure Reduction in Elderly Hypertensive Patients
Background: Hypertension in the elderly isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), where increased systolic pressure increases the likelihood of stroke and myocardial infarction even if diastolic pressure is within normal limits. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effect of progressive muscle relaxation and elderly exercise on blood pressure reduction in elderly hypertensive patients. Methods: This study used a two-group pre-test and post-test design involving 20 subjects randomly divided into two groups. Group I was given progressive muscle relaxation treatment, and group II was given elderly exercise treatment. The frequency of exercise was twice a week for two weeks. The measuring instrument used in this study was a sphygmomanometer. Results: Hypothesis I test using a paired sample t-test obtained a p-value of 0.001, while hypothesis II test using a paired sample t-test obtained a p-value of <0.001. Hypothesis III test using an independent sample t-test obtained a p-value of 0.042 (p<0.005). Conclusion: Progressive muscle relaxation combined with exercise for the elderly has an effect on lowering blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension. Both interventions can be used to lower blood pressure in the elderly.
Kinesio Taping and Quadriceps Strengthening Exercise Reduce Osteoarthritis Pain: A Literature Review
Background: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common degenerative diseases, not only in Indonesia but also throughout most of the world. This disease causes pain in sufferers. Kinesio taping has therapeutic effects for muscle function correction by increasing weak muscle strength and improving blood and lymphatic circulation. Quadriceps strengthening exercises are one form of strengthening exercise recommended to increase the strength of the quadriceps and lower extreme muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of kinesio taping and quadriceps strengthening exercises on reducing osteoarthritis pain based on the literature. Methods: This study was a literature review using PICOT analysis. Five databases were used, namely PubMed, Sage Journal, BMC, Science Direct, PEDro, and snowballing technique. After all articles were collected and checked for duplication and screening, 11 articles were accepted and analyzed from 223 articles. Results: In this literature study, the researchers searched for and selected articles from 223 titles to 11 titles that met the inclusion criteria. Nine of the eleven journals had an effect on knee OA pain. Conclusion: Research on the effect of Kinesio Taping and quadriceps strengthening exercises on knee osteoarthritis pain was conducted using a literature study method, and eleven articles that passed the screening test showed that Kinesio Taping and quadriceps strengthening exercises have an effect on knee osteoarthritis pain.
The Difference in the Effects of Open Kinetic Chain Exercise and Isometric Exercise on the Quadriceps Muscles in Reducing Pain in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritists with Knee Osteoarthritis
Background: Knee osteoarthritis causes a decrease in quadriceps muscle strength and pain during activities. Strengthening the quadriceps muscles through exercise effectively reduces pain and improves the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of open kinetic chain (OKC) and isometric exercises on pain reduction in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental two-group pre- and post-test design with 40 patients with knee osteoarthritis. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 20 people. Group I performed OKC exercises and group II performed isometric exercises for 4 weeks (3 sessions/week). Pain was measured using the valid and reliable Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test for pre- and post-comparisons within each group and the Mann-Whitney test for differences between groups. Results: OKC and isometric exercises significantly reduced pain in patients. The mean VAS reduction in the OKC group was 2.10 ± 0.60, while in the isometric group it was 1.20 ± 0.51. The difference in pain reduction between groups was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: OKC exercise was more effective in reducing knee osteoarthritis pain than isometric exercise. It is recommended that OKC exercise be used as the primary intervention in knee osteoarthritis physiotherapy rehabilitation for optimal results. Further studies with larger samples and longer durations are needed.
Adding Core Stability Exercise After SWD and TENS Treatment Reduces Pain in Patients with Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Background: Non-specific low back pain (LBP) is pain in the lower back that has no specific pathological cause, characterized by tenderness and muscle spasm that reduces lumbar stability. Common therapies in healthcare facilities include Short Wave Diathermy (SWD) and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). However, effectiveness can be increased by adding Core Stability Exercise (CSE), which focuses on strengthening the core muscles to maintain spinal stability. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of adding CSE after SWD and TENS in reducing pain in patients with non-specific LBP. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pre-test and post-test design. The study sample consisted of 30 patients with non-specific LBP at Bethesda Hospital in Yogyakarta, who were selected using purposive sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group I received SWD and TENS, while group II received SWD, TENS, and CSE twice a week for four weeks. The research instrument was the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data analysis was performed using the paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Results: Analysis showed a p-value <0.001 in both groups, with greater pain reduction in the group that received additional CSE. Conclusion: The addition of Core Stability Exercise after SWD and TENS therapy was effective in reducing pain in patients with non-specific LBP. It is recommended that physiotherapists integrate core stability exercises as part of standard therapy to reduce pain and improve lower back stability.
Analysis of the Development of Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Background: Preschool is an important period in child development because of the acceleration in motor, language, and social-emotional skills. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulties in social, communication, and repetitive behavior aspects that impact developmental delays. This study aims to analyze the developmental aspects of preschool-aged children with ASD. Methods: This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The sample consisted of four preschool-aged children with ASD and their four mothers, who were selected using purposive sampling based on the Denver II criteria. Data collection was conducted through interviews and observations of child development during one assessment period. Data analysis was performed thematically with triangulation of sources and techniques and verification through member checks to ensure data validity. Results: The thematic analysis yielded three main themes, namely: (1) motor aspects, which include delays in locomotor skills, manipulative movements, eye-hand coordination, and early writing skills; (2) language aspects showing barriers in speech initiation and language expression abilities; and (3) socio-emotional aspects including delays in environmental exploration, independence, and social interaction abilities. Conclusion: Preschool-aged children with ASD have developmental delays in motor, language, and social-emotional aspects with varying degrees of severity according to age. Structured occupational therapy and early intervention based on multisensory stimulation are recommended to support the optimal developmental achievement of children with ASD.
Manipulative Therapy Following Standard Therapy Improves Shoulder Joint Function in Patients with Frozen Shoulder
Background: Frozen shoulder is a common disorder encountered by physiotherapists, causing limited movement and pain in the shoulder joint. Many complaints experienced by patients require effective therapeutic modalities to improve joint functional ability. This study aimed to determine the effect of manipulation therapy after standard therapy on improving shoulder joint functional ability in frozen shoulder patients at Telogorejo Hospital, Semarang. Methods: This study used an experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test design with control, involving two groups of frozen shoulder patients. Sampling was conducted randomly with a total of 30 patients. Both groups received standard therapy in the form of TENS and ultrasound, while the treatment group received additional manipulation therapy. The measurement instrument used was the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) to assess pain and functional ability, which was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The analysis showed a significant decrease in SPADI scores in the treatment group (pre-test value 62.6±6.17 decreased to post-test 44.07±5.8, p<0.05) compared to the control group (pre-test 64.4±7.58 to post-test 53.5±6.3, p<0.05). This indicates a greater improvement in functional ability and pain reduction in the treatment group. Conclusion: Manipulative therapy after standard therapy effectively improves function and reduces pain in patients with frozen shoulder. It is recommended that manipulative therapy be included in the rehabilitation protocol for frozen shoulder patients to achieve optimal therapeutic results.
Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)
The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Occupational Therapy on Anxiety Levels in Schizophrenia Patients
Background: Schizophrenia patients tend to experience anxiety that can hinder the occupational therapy process and occupational function recovery. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on the occupational therapy perspective on the anxiety levels of schizophrenia patients at Grhasia Mental Hospital, Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). Methods: This study used a pre-experimental research design with a one-group pre-test and post-test approach. Purposive sampling was used with a sample size of 16 schizophrenia patients. The research instrument used the Zung Self Rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) to measure anxiety levels before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the assistance of the SPSS program. Results: The analysis results showed a significant difference between anxiety levels before and after the CBT intervention, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has a significant effect on reducing anxiety in schizophrenia patients at Grhasia DIY Mental Hospital. The application of CBT needs to be carried out on schizophrenia patients as a form of occupational therapy intervention to support emotional stability and improve occupational function.
Testing the Validity and Reliability of the Step Test for Elderly Balance
Background: A common problem among the elderly is a decline in functional capacity, which can affect their balance and lead to a high risk of falling. Balance is the ability to maintain body position while stationary or moving. Maintaining balance in the elderly is important to enable them to remain independent in performing various daily activities. The Step Test is one of the measurement tools that can be used to determine the level of balance in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Step Test in measuring balance in the elderly by comparing it with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Methods: This study used a descriptive research design with an observational method involving 20 elderly subjects. Results: Based on the validity test, p=0.001 and r=0.689 were obtained, which means that there is a strong relationship between the Step Test and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The interrater reliability test yielded a result of p=0.000 and ICC=0.897, while the intrarater reliability test yielded a result of p=0.000 and ICC=0.881. Conclusion: The Step Test is proven to be valid and reliable for measuring balance in the elderly. The Step Test is recommended for use in detecting the risk of falling more quickly and accurately in the elderly.
Overweight Not Associated with Q-Angle in the Elderly
Background: Overweight can affect the quadriceps angle (Q-angle), which plays an important role in knee balance and stability, especially in the elderly. Q-angle imbalance has the potential to cause musculoskeletal disorders. This study aims to determine the relationship between overweight and Q-angle in the elderly. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on December 1 and 5, 2022, at the Dr. Soetomo Surabaya Hospital Retirees Association. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 54 elderly people (14 men and 40 women) aged 60–75 years. Data were collected using observation sheets and measurements of height, weight, and Q-angle in the supine position. Data analysis used Spearman's correlation test because the data were not normally distributed. Results: The average age of respondents was 64.41±3.77 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.41±1.22 kg/m² and an average Q-angle of 17.78±3.42°. The correlation test results showed a p-value >0.05 (r=0.196), indicating no significant relationship between overweight and Q-angle in the elderly. Conclusion: There is no relationship between overweight and Q-angle in the elderly. These results indicate that the measurement position, activities prior to measurement, and physical characteristics of the elderly can affect Q-angle values. The researchers suggest that Q-angle examinations in the elderly be performed in a functional position (standing) and with relaxed muscles.
Effect of Activity, Massage, Job Control-Demand on Ergonomic Posture of Office Workers
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are common occupational injuries affecting muscles, joints, and the skeletal system. Effective management requires both individual and workplace support. Physical activity, therapy compliance, job control, and job demand are key factors influencing ergonomic posture and pain management outcomes. This study examined the effects of physical activity, massage therapy compliance, job control, and job demand on ergonomic posture of office workers in PT. X’s musculoskeletal pain management program. Methods: Quantitative and cross-sectional research using proportional random sampling, data from 100 office workers of PT X were analyzed with multiple linear regression (T-test and F-test) via SPSS. The ergonomic posture was evaluated through Rapid Assessment Office Strain (ROSA). Results: All variables significantly affected ergonomic posture (F = 227.621, p < 0.001). Massage therapy compliance contributed the most (40.2%), followed by physical activity (33.1%), job demand (9.2%), and job control (8.1%). Conclusion: Physical activity and therapy compliance had the strongest positive effects on ergonomic attitudes, emphasizing their role in improving musculoskeletal pain management at PT. X. It is recommended that workplace programmes prioritise efforts to increase physical activity and therapy compliance, as these two factors have the strongest positive influence on ergonomic attitudes and musculoskeletal pain management.
Exploring Occupational Therapy in the Punk Community: A Qualitative-Ethnographic Study
Background: The punk community is a subculture that is often viewed as contrary to the dominant culture. Society often misunderstands this community, constructing it as a negative and marginalized group. Occupational therapy strives to be more diverse, fair, and inclusive in order to strengthen practitioners' contributions to healthy and engaged communities. This study aims to explore the forms and meanings of occupation in the punk community through an occupational perspective. Methods: This study uses qualitative methods with an ethnographic approach. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used ethnographic thematic methods, while data validity was tested through source triangulation. Results: Thematic ethnographic analysis produced two main themes related to the exploration of occupation in the punk community. The first theme concerns the forms of occupation in the punk community, which include anti-mainstream, egalitarian, and DIY (Do-It-Yourself) aspects. The second theme discusses the meaning of occupation in the punk community, which includes working as a means of survival, occupation as self-expression, occupation as a form of contribution and concern for others, and participation in occupation to improve welfare and a sense of belonging. Conclusion: The forms and meanings of occupation in the punk community are very different from those in society at large. The beliefs and environment of the punk community shape unique occupational choices compared to the wider community. The results of this study emphasize the importance of expanding the scope of occupational therapy practices to be more inclusive.
Parenting Experiences in Shaping Sleep Routines for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Phenomenological Study
Background: Parenting styles influence sleep routines and problems in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); sleep quality includes efficiency, latency, duration, and wakefulness after onset. This study explores the experience of implementing bedtime routines based on caregiver parenting styles and their implications for the sleep quality of children with ADHD. Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach; non-probability sampling (purposive sampling). Participants consisted of 8 caregivers (mothers, aunts, grandmothers) of children with ADHD at YPAC Surakarta; semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted 2–3 times per participant and analyzed thematically with credibility and confirmability tests. Results: Three main themes emerged: (1) Caregiver parenting styles (implementation and influence on sleep), (2) Types of parenting styles based on Baumrind's aspects, (3) Sleep quality of children with ADHD (sleep quality, sleep problems, supporting factors). Authoritarian parenting was linked to a stable sleep schedule but had no impact on efficiency; democratic parenting influenced emotional regulation; permissive parenting had no apparent effect on sleep quality; neglectful parenting was associated with sleep-onset insomnia without a clear cause. Conclusion: Variations in parenting styles result in different profiles of impact on sleep quality indicators. Education and harmonization of parenting styles are recommended in pediatric occupational therapy services.
Health Promotion: Home Core and Flexibility Exercises to Manage Low Back Pain in Pregnancy
Background: Low back pain is a common complaint among pregnant women and is related to biomechanical adaptations, weight gain, and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Health promotion efforts, such as structured home exercise programs that focus on core stability and flexibility, can help alleviate these symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured home exercise program in preventing and managing low back pain in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. Methods: A pre-experimental design with a single group and pretest-posttest approach was utilized, involving 42 pregnant women chosen through purposive sampling. The participants engaged in a Structured Home-Based Core Stabilization and Flexibility Exercise Program twice a week, with each session lasting 30–45 minutes over a span of eight weeks. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Due to the non-normal distribution of the pre- and post-intervention scores, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used for analysis. Results: The VAS score significantly decreased from 4.81 ± 1.44 to 1.93 ± 0.84 (p < 0.001), with an average reduction of 2.88 points. The effect size was very large (r = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.86–0.88), indicating a strong intervention effect on pain reduction. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the program is an effective non-pharmacological health promotion strategy and can be recommended for routine implementation in maternal health services to prevent and manage low back pain during pregnancy.
Sensorimotor-Enhanced Shoulder Stabilization Exercises to Improve Their Hand Function in Children with Down Syndrome
Background: Down syndrome is a condition of a genetic disorder caused by an abnormality of chromosome 21. Statistical data shows that the average incidence of Down syndrome worldwide is 1 in every 700 births. This incident will increase with the increasing age of pregnant women. This study aims to compare the addition of sensory motor training to shoulder stabilization exercise to further improve upper extremity strength and fine motor coordination in the Down syndrome population. Methods: This research is an experimental study with blocked randomization. Group 1 (n=15) given the combination of sensorimotor exercises and shoulder stabilization exercise, while the Group 2 (n=15) were given shoulder stabilization exercise. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The intervention was given 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Measurements were carried out using the manual muscle test (MMT) and the manual abilities classification system (MACS). Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Test and the Mann–Whitney U test to compare differences between the two independent groups. Results: The MMT value was p=0.037 (p<0.05) and the MACS value was p=0.041 (p<0.05). These results indicate a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Adding sensorimotor training in shoulder stabilization exercise intervention can improve upper extremity strength and fine motor coordination in down syndrome population. It is suggested to add sensorimotor training in down syndrome population.
Understanding Social Participation in Post-stroke Patients: A Phenomenological Study
Background: Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. Post-stroke patients experience various physical and mental problems. This has a significant impact on the patient’s life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities and participate in community social activities. As many as 50% of post-stroke patients still experience problems with social participation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the social participation of patients after experiencing a stroke. Methods: This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach conducted at RSUD by Dr. Soedono Madiun. Data collection was carried out through interviews and documentation of 6 patients who had a stroke for at least 4 months which were included in the purposive sampling criteria. Results: From the thematic analysis that has been carried out, there are three themes regarding the social participation of post-stroke patients: (1) social participation of post-stroke patients, consisting of continuity in social activities, decreased activity, and socialization limitation; (2) social participation barriers, consisting of internal factors and external factors; and (3) coping strategies, consisting of physical recovery, staying connected, and social support. Conclusion: Post-stroke patients experience changes in social participation, they find it difficult to get involved in various social activities due to various barriers from within themselves and their environment. Recommendations for future research are to consider variables that exist as a consideration of research results, such as environmental conditions, stroke severity, gender, and so on.
Correlation Between Physical Activity and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among the Elderly
Background: Engaging in physical activity helps prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the elderly, which affect both soft and hard supporting tissues of the limbs. Low physical activity levels in older adults often lead to MSD complaints, especially in the lower back, knees, shoulders, and hands. This study aims to evaluate the correlation of physical activity in the incidence of MSDs among the elderly. Methods: This study employed analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling technique. The participants consisted of 50 older adults aged 60 and above. The research utilized the Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) to assess physical activity, while musculoskeletal disorders were evaluated using the Nordic Body Map (NBM). Data analysis was performed using the Spearman rank statistical test, facilitated by SPSS version 23 software. Results: The findings showed a notable relationship between physical activity and the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in older adults, yielding a p-value of <0.001 and a correlation coefficient of -0.474, indicating a moderate level of strength. This means that the lower a person's level of physical activity, the higher the degree of Musculoskeletal Disorder complaints. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant correlation between low levels of physical activity and the prevalence and severity of MSDs among older adults at the Arum Sari Health Post. The findings emphasize the need to raise public awareness and investigate additional risk factors to enhance the prevention and management of MSDs in the elderly.
The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on VO2max in Physiotherapy Students at Surakarta Polytechnic
Background: Aerobic exercise is a physical fitness exercise that can increase VO2 max. The provision of this exercise is intended to provide exercise on the increase in aerobic physical exercise by measuring maximum oxygen consumption. An indicator of physical fitness, and heart and lung endurance is VO2max. VO2max denotes the peak amount of oxygen the body can absorb and use during vigorous exercise before reaching fatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on VO2 max in Physiotherapy as a student at Surakarta Polytechnic. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. A total of 56 students were selected using simple random sampling and received treatment with aerobic exercise in the form of 30-minute walking sessions, three times a week, for 12 sessions. Data analysis to determine the difference between pre-and post-tests was conducted using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The results of this study indicate that aerobic exercise can increase VO2max in Physiotherapy students at Surakarta Polytechnic, as shown by the six-minute walking test. The hypothesis test yielded a p-value of <0.001, indicating a statistically significant difference, with a mean increase of 6.44 in VO2max values. Conclusion: There is a different effect between before and after treatment given aerobic exercise can increase VO2 max in Physiotherapy students at Surakarta Polytechnic. Regular aerobic exercise is recommended to be incorporated into students' routines to improve cardiovascular endurance and support physical fitness.
Direct Effect of Using Kinesio Taping (KT) on Balance in Young People
Background: This study investigated the immediate effects of the Kinesio Taping (KT) mechanical correction technique on balance, joint mobility, and muscle strength in healthy young adults. The findings aim to clarify whether this taping method can contribute to improved postural control and functional performance in individuals without musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study: was to examine the immediate effects of kinesio taping on balance among adolescents. Methods: A pre-experimental, one-group pre- and post-test design was employed. Accidental Sampling technique 106 healthy individuals aged 18-25 years (20 males, 86 females) participated. KT was applied to the gastrocnemius, soleus, and Achilles tendons using specific techniques (10-50% stretch for gastrocnemius, Method I for Achilles, and Y method for gastrocnemius). Balance was evaluated through the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), which measures reach distance in eight specific directions. Range of motion and muscle strength were also examined and differences before and after the KT intervention were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. Results: The participants had an average age of 19.20 years and a mean BMI of 21.63. Pre-intervention SEBT scores ranged from 38 to 84 (mean = 55.48, SD = 8.733), while post-intervention scores ranged from 37 to 79 (mean = 59.06, SD = 10.068). A paired sample t-test demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in SEBT scores following the KT intervention (p < 0.001), indicating enhanced balance performance after taping. Conclusion: This study indicates that applying KT’s “mechanical correction” technique to the ankle joint can immediately enhance dynamic balance in healthy young adults. These results highlight the potential role of KT as a supportive intervention to improve balance and possibly minimize the risk of injury.
Effect of Using Medial Arch Support on Foot Pain (Plantar Fasciitis) in Pregnant Women
Background: Pregnancy often causes physical and psychological discomfort, including foot pain or plantar fasciitis due to inflammation of the plantar fascia, which is worsened by increased body weight. Medial arch support is an orthotic device designed to relieve this pain by stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. This study aims to examine the effect of using medial arch support in reducing foot pain (plantar fasciitis) in third-trimester pregnant women. Methods: This quantitative study used a quasi-experiment with a one-group pre-test and post-test design to examine the effect of medial arch support on foot pain in pregnant women. The study was conducted in Noborejo, Salatiga. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling and involved 20 pregnant women who often complained of foot pain in the 2-3 trimesters. Pain levels were measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after a two-week intervention with medial arch support. Results: The Wilcoxon test results indicate a significant reduction in foot pain (p= <0.001, p < 0.05). The average pain score before the intervention was 7.9, which decreased to 4.5 after the use of medial arch support, reflecting a pain reduction of 43%. The average difference in pain level before and after the intervention was 3.4. Conclusion: Medial arch support significantly reduces foot pain (plantar fasciitis) in pregnant women. This intervention offers a practical solution to reduce discomfort and improve the quality of health of pregnant women. Further studies are needed on the long-term use of medial arch support in pregnancy.
The Effect of Foot Massage on Quality of Sleep in Elderly
Background: Sleep disruptions and pattern alterations are more common in the elderly. The physical well-being, mental clarity, and overall quality of life of the elderly can all be greatly impacted by these changes. The following are some of the main problems with the elderly's sleep quality. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of foot massage on quality sleep in the elderly. Methods: Quasi-experimental research with pretest and posttest control group design approach. Participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique based on inclusion criteria related to age and sleep disturbances, with a total of 25 elderly individuals. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group I receives the foot massage treatment and group II is the control group. This study measured the quality of sleep in the elderly. The research instrument used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: The analysis includes 25 participants, divided into two groups. In Group 1, all 14 participants showed a decrease in sleep quality scores, which is statistically significant (p<0.001). In group II, the change is not statistically significant (p=0.724), indicating that most participants did not experience substantial changes in sleep quality. Conclusion: Foot massage is a non-pharmacological intervention demonstrated to enhance sleep quality among elderly individuals. The analysis indicates that foot massage significantly enhances blood circulation and muscle relaxation, contributing to improved sleep quality. This intervention shows potential as a practical and non-pharmacological method for managing sleep disturbances in the elderly.
Effect of Custom Foot Orthoses on Vertical Jump in Flat-Footed Basketball Players
Background: Basketball is popular in Indonesia, and vertical jump ability plays a significant role in performance in the game. Abnormal curvature of the legs can reduce jump outcomes. The use of custom foot orthoses can help address this condition. This study aims to determine the effect of custom foot orthoses on vertical jumps in flat-footed basketball players. Methods: This study used a one-group pretest-posttest design with a population of 25 people and 23 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The vertical jump was evaluated using a vertical jump test conducted before and after one month of using foot orthoses. Data were analyzed using a Paired Sample T-test. Results: The results of the statistical test showed a p value of <0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in the use of custom foot orthosis before and after the intervention. Conclusion: There is an improvement in the vertical jump of basketball players with flat foot condition. Custom foot orthoses are recommended for use to improve the vertical jump of basketball players with flatfoot conditions.
Reduction of Knee Q Angle Using Custom Foot Orthoses in Flat Foot Patients
Background: Flat foot is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition. Research indicates that between 20 and 30 % of youngsters worldwide suffer from flat feet. In addition to being a static alignment issue of the ankle and foot, flat foot is progressive and can contribute to aberrant dynamic function of other lower limbs. This condition directly affected the degree of q angle. The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of q angel knee joint, before and after the use of custom foot othosis in the study sample Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with one group pre and post test design to determine the effect of using custom foot orthoses on reducing the degree of Q angle in flat foot. The total number of research samples is 26. The Wilcoxon test was used in this study to analyze the impact of the orthosi. Results: Based on the results of wilcoxon tests show that the p value is < 0.001 (p-value < 0.05), there was a significant difference in the use of custom foot orthoses before the intervention and after the intervention by 5.80. As a result. There was a significant difference in the use of custom foot orthoses before the intervention and after the intervention in reducing the degree of Q angle knee joint. Conclusion: The use of custom foot orthoses can significantly reduce the degree of Q angle knee joint of the study subjects. It is recommended to use orthosis to improve the degree of the Q angle.
Effects of Active Assisted and Isometric Exercises Combined with Ultrasound in Knee Osteoarthritis
Background: Knee Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease of the knee cartilage which is characterized by pain and joint stiffness which has an impact on the functional activities of the elderly. Physiotherapy has an important role in reducing pain by using electrotherapy modalities (ultrasound) and also exercise therapy (active assisted exercise and isometric exercise) The aim of this study is to determine the difference in effectiveness between adding active assisted exercise and isometric exercise to ultrasound intervention in reducing pain among elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This research was conducted at the Physiotherapy Clinic of Merdeka Medical Center from June to July 2024. The study used an experimental pre-test–post-test control group design with purposive sampling. Twenty-six elderly participants were selected and allocated into two groups of thirteen participants each. Knee pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), administered before and after the intervention in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Based on the results of the paired samples t-test in groups 1 and 2. Results: The p value was 0.001, indicating a significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in reducing pain. Isometric exercise combined with ultrasound reduced knee pain by 51.3% more than active assisted exercise combined with ultrasound in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Isometric exercise with ultrasound reduces knee pain in the elderly compared to active assisted exercise. Therefore, isometric exercise with ultrasound should be recommended as a preferred physiotherapy intervention to reduce pain in this population.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Autism Risk in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects social communication and reciprocal interaction abilities in children. Maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, specifically gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), represents a potentially modifiable risk factor associated with elevated ASD risk in offspring. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between diabetes in mothers and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: This research is a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine cohort studies involving diverse populations to evaluate the association between mothers with diabetes during pregnancy and the risk of ASD in their offspring (2015–2024) sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. A random-effects model was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results: Data from 3,908,133 children showed that maternal diabetes increases the ASD risk by 16% (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22, p<0.001), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 79%). Conclusion: This meta-analysis identified a statistically significant but modest association between maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and ASD risk in offspring. The relationship reflects an observational association and cannot establish causality. These findings emphasize the clinical importance of preconception glycemic optimization, enhanced antenatal monitoring of maternal glucose control, and developmental surveillance of offspring born to diabetic mothers.